Saturday, October 31, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 19

PhD: Twitter quote 19

Photo of Anglesey Church Wales, Pixabay-dpexcel 

PhD version

Wilhelm Grab (2005) explains that practical theology involves reflecting on the rules of Christian leadership and considers theories of Christianity in modern society and interacts with other theological disciplines. Grab (2005: 181-196).

GRAB, WILHELM (2005) ‘Practical Theology as Theology of Religion. Schleiermacher’s Understanding of Practical Theology as a Discipline’, in International Journal of Practical Theology, Volume 9, Number 2, December, Berlin, Walter D. Gruyter. 

2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter

PhD Full Version PDF

Twitter version

Wilhelm Grab explains that practical theology involves reflecting on the rules of Christian leadership and considers theories of Christianity in modern society and interacts with other theological disciplines. 

Wednesday, October 28, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 18

PhD: Twitter quote 18

PhD version

Marcel Sarot (1997) comments that many feminist theologians see theodicy as dominated by white males, and these feminists reject notions of God’s omniscience, omnipotence, and perfect goodness. Sarot (1997: 29). 

GEBARA, IVONE (2002) Out of the Depths, Translated by Ann Patrick Ware, Minneapolis, Fortress Press.

SAROT, MARCEL (1997) ‘Evil, Tragedy and Feminist Theology: New Impulses for Theodicy’, in Theology Digest, Volume 44, Number 1, Spring, pp. 29-33. St. Louis, Missouri, Theology Digest.

2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter

PhD Full Version PDF 



Twitter version

Marcel Sarot comments that many feminist theologians see theodicy as dominated by white males, and  reject notions of God’s omniscience, omnipotence, and perfect goodness.

Pixabay photo of Conway, Castle, Wales

Tuesday, October 27, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 17

PhD: Twitter quote 17

Photo: Mountains, Wales, Pixabay

PhD version

The Eighteenth century was when Leibniz’ book Theodicy was published as was previously noted, and this era of history was when much of the modern debate concerning the problem of evil and theodicy began.

LEIBNIZ, G.W. (1710)(1998) Theodicy, Translated by E.M. Huggard Chicago, Open Court Classics.

Thursday, May 23, 2013: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (PhD Edit)

2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter

PhD Full Version PDF 

Twitter version 

The Eighteenth century was when Leibniz’ book Theodicy was published and this era of history was when much of the modern debate concerning the problem of evil and theodicy began.

Monday, October 26, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 16

PhD: Twitter quote 16

Photo: Cardiff, Wales, Pixabay

PhD version

Theistic and Christian theodicy are therefore largely a response to initial Seventeenth, and primarily Eighteenth century and forward, secular criticisms of the theology and philosophy of God within religion and Christianity. Hille (2004: 22). 

HILLE, ROLF (2004) ‘A Biblical-Theological Response to the Problem of Theodicy in the Context of the Modern Criticism of Religion’, in Evangelical Review of Theology, Volume 28, Number 1, pp. 21-37. Carlisle, UK, Evangelical Review of Theology.

2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter 


Twitter version 

Theistic and Christian theodicy are therefore largely a response to initial Seventeenth, and primarily Eighteenth century and forward, secular criticisms of the theology and philosophy of God within religion and Christianity.

Saturday, October 24, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 15

PhD: Twitter quote 15

Photo by my friend Ernest Hepnar

2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter 


PhD version

However, I can agree with Durston that even if there is no such thing as gratuitous evil, which is my position, large amounts of evil that appear gratuitous will exist. Durston (2000: 79). This would be evil that I would consider unexplainable, humanly speaking, but would not be gratuitous from God’s perspective. 

DURSTON, KIRK (2000) ‘The Consequential Complexity of History and Gratuitous Evil’, in Religious Studies, Volume 36, pp. 65-80. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Twitter version

Gratuitous evil would be unexplainable, humanly speaking, but would not be gratuitous from God’s perspective. 

Twitter version II 

Within my Reformed theology and connected theistic, philosophy of religion, gratuitous evil would be unexplainable, humanly speaking, but would not be gratuitous from God’s perspective.

Friday, October 23, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 14

Photo from Wales, on Pixabay

Twitter quote

God could have made significantly free human beings, or human like beings who would have been perfectly morally good & would not commit wrong actions. To not create such beings is not a sign of a lack of power, or moral failure. 

PhD quote

I reason that God could have, if he wished, made significantly free human beings, or human like beings who would have been perfectly morally good and would not commit wrong actions. God’s choice not to create such beings, in my mind is not a sign of a lack of power, or moral failure, but rather the use of his own perfect and significantly free will for good purposes. 

Archive search for compatibilism 


2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter

PhD Full Version PDF

Thursday, October 22, 2020

Thursday Bullets: A need for deeper reason

Thursday Bullets: A need for deeper reason

Photo from Sandy, Utah May 2018

• Theologically, a biblical Christian's highest authority is God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit revealing self through the Hebrew Bible and in particular, the New Testament. (Matthew 28 as example, but in reality there is the entire New Testament text).

• To be understood reasonably well, this authority and any biblical worldview attached needs to be accepted in scriptural context with reasonably, rational, correct theology. 

• I am not completely opposed to political correctness (PC) where it matches a reasonable, highly rational, biblical worldview. However, where political correctness differs from a biblical worldview, as described, the Christian is morally and ethically obligated to follow God through scriptural revelation.

• Rulers and government should be obeyed. Law and order should be maintained (Examples: Romans 13, 1 Peter 2 as secular authorities as well).

• Titus 3: 1 English Standard Version (ESV):  3 Remind them to be submissive to rulers and authorities, to be obedient, to be ready for every good work...

• Romans 12: 18 English Standard Version (ESV): If possible, so far as it depends on you, live peaceably with all.

• Biblical Christians are to love God firstly and foremost, but secondly also one's neighbour (Matthew 23, Mark 12, Luke 10).

• Biblical Christians are to one another in the Church (John 13, 15, 1 John as examples).

• In a democracy, religious and philosophical organizations in regards to membership should have the reasonable right to discriminate based on worldview. For examples: I am not a Latter-Day Saint/Mormon in worldview and should not be offered membership within that Church. I am not Islamic, in worldview and should not be offered membership within any mosque.

• In the same way, within a democracy, a biblical Christian church and/or organization should have the right to limit membership to those that follow a biblical Christian worldview, which includes morality and ethics.

• Those with differing, less traditionally orthodox, for example progressive views, have the right within a democracy to have their own type of church.

• Within a biblical church, I for example, will still face reasonable discrimination within as a member. I am not offered work as an overseer or elder (1 Timothy 3, Titus 1). But in my case not by moral and ethical grounds, rather my ontological attributes favour academic, theological and philosophical work and less church work that is service orientated.

• I am also not invited onto a cooking or baking team...

• Discriminating against me for overseer or elder position, does not necessarily mean a church is against me, 'anti' me, or hates me.

• Discriminating against (Discrimination against) me by an organization with a different worldview which prohibits me from membership does not necessarily mean a group is against me, 'anti' me or hates me.

• Philosophically in practical terms, often when critics of biblical Christian positions state a church or biblical Christian organization is 'anti' this or hates this, in many cases it is not true. Yes there are some radical groups of all sorts likely to be violently 'anti' something and to contain hatred, including those claiming Christianity. 

• This dismissive terminology is often used to eliminate any debate on the issue or issues by portraying the opposition as unreasonable by societal standards and so ridiculous the positions held to are not even worthy of debate.

• In many cases, not all, the critic has dismissed religious studies and philosophy of religion as relevant academic disciplines and would be unable to reasonably defend the critiques against an educated opponent.

Wednesday, October 21, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 13

PhD: Twitter quote 13

Photo is from Wales on Pixabay 

2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter

PhD Full Version PDF 

Twitter version

Welty rejects Plantinga’s idea that God cannot create a world containing moral good and no moral evil. Welty raises the objection that God brought Christ into the world as a sinless human being. 

PhD version

Welty rejects Plantinga’s idea that God cannot create a world containing moral good and no moral evil,1 and raises the objection that God brought Christ into the world as a sinless human being. 2

1 Plantinga (1977)(2002: 30). Welty (1999: 1). 
2 Welty (1999: 1). 

(Page 7)

PLANTINGA, ALVIN C. (1977)(2002) God, Freedom, and Evil, Grand Rapids, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

PLANTINGA, ALVIN C. (1982) The Nature of Necessity, Oxford, Clarendon Press. 

PLANTINGA, ALVIN C. (2000) Warranted Christian Belief, Oxford, Oxford University Press. 

WELTY, GREG (1999) ‘The Problem of Evil’, in Greg Welty PhD, Fort Worth, Texas. Philosophy Department, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. http://www.ccir.ed.ac.uk/~jad/welty/probevil.htm

Tuesday, October 20, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 12

PhD: Twitter quote 12

Photo from the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David (UWTSD) April 2017 

2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter 


Twitter version 

Feinberg (1994), opines, those that have suffered must often wonder why there is so much pain if a loving God exists that has the power to remedy evil.

PhD version

For Reformed theologian John S. Feinberg (1994), perhaps anyone that has suffered affliction or has friends or family that have suffered, must wonder why there is so much pain if a loving God exists that has the power to remedy evil.

FEINBERG, JOHN.S. (1986) Predestination and Free Will, in David Basinger and Randall Basinger (eds.), Downers Grove, Illinois, InterVarsity Press.

FEINBERG, JOHN.S. (1994) The Many Faces of Evil, Grand Rapids, Zondervan Publishing House. 

FEINBERG, JOHN.S. (2001) No One Like Him, John S. Feinberg (gen.ed.), Wheaton, Illinois, Crossway Books.

Thursday, October 15, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 11

PhD: Twitter quote 11

Photo is aerial view of Lampeter, Wales

2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter 


Kirk Durston (2000) explains gratuitous evil is commonly understood as evil that God could have prevented without forfeiting a greater good, or permitting a worse evil. Durston (2000: 67). 

DURSTON, KIRK (2000) ‘The Consequential Complexity of History and Gratuitous Evil’, in Religious Studies, Volume 36, pp. 65-80. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Archived related article

Wednesday, November 12, 2008: Gratuitous evil revisited

Wednesday, October 14, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 10

PhD: Twitter quote 10

Photo is of campuses of the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David from the UWTSD

2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter 

R.K. McGregor Wright states that God cannot violate his own attributes and could not, for example, make a stone too heavy for the almighty to lift. Wright (1996: 278).


WRIGHT, R.K.McGREGOR (1996) No Place for Sovereignty, Downers Grove, Illinois, InterVarsity Press.

Tuesday, October 13, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 9

PhD: Twitter quote 9

Photo: Lampeter, Wales: West Wales Holiday Cottages

Twitter version

Rebard (1996) states that the logical problem of evil exists as God is omnibenevolent and omnipotent. If God cannot end evil, he is not omnipotent, and if he can prevent evil and does not, he is not omnibenevolent or all loving.


Edited PhD version quote

Philosopher Theodore P. Rebard (1996) states that the logical problem of evil exists since God is omnibenevolent and omnipotent, Rebard (1996: 1). He writes critics can view the logical problem as meaning that if God cannot end evil, he is not omnipotent, and if he can prevent evil and does not, he is not omnibenevolent or all loving. Rebard (1996: 1). 

Greek philosopher Epicurus was known to have made a similar statement. Epicurus (341-270 B.C.)(1949: 80). Rebard concludes that God either does not exist or is misunderstood. Rebard (1996: 1).

EPICURUS (341-270 B.C.)(1949) in Overcoming Evil from the German translation, Von der Ueberwindung der Furcht, Zurich, Von der Ueberwindung der Furcht. 

REBARD, THEODORE P. (1996) ‘The Problem of Evil Revisited’, in Catholic.net, North Haven, Connecticut, Christian Philosophy, Catholic. net. http://www.catholic.net/RCC/Periodicals/Faith/1112-96/philos1.html

Thursday, October 08, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 8

PhD: Twitter quote 8 

Photo: University of Wales, Trinity Saints David, Carmarthen (campus)

I was at the Lampeter campus.

Philosopher of Religion, John Hick (1970) writes that the fact of evil is the most serious objection against the Christian belief in a God of love, and is probably the most difficult objection to write about. Hick (1970: xi). It can be disastrous to say too little or too much. Hick (1970: xi). 

Twitter version 

John Hick writes that the fact of evil is the most serious objection against the Christian belief in a God of love, and is probably the most difficult objection to write about. It can be disastrous to say too little or too much.

HICK, JOHN (1970) Evil and The God of Love, London, The Fontana Library. 

HICK, JOHN (1978) ‘Present and Future Life’, Harvard Theological Review, Volume 71, Number 1-2, January-April, Harvard University.

HICK, JOHN (1981) Encountering Evil, Stephen T. Davis (ed.), Atlanta, John Knox Press.

HICK, JOHN (1993) ‘Afterword’ in GEIVETT, R. DOUGLAS (1993) Evil and the Evidence for God, Philadelphia, Temple University Press. 

HICK, JOHN (1993) The Metaphor of God Incarnate, Louisville, Kentucky, John Know Press.

HICK, JOHN (1994) Death and Eternal Life, Louisville, Kentucky, John Knox Press. 

HICK, JOHN (1999) ‘Life after Death’, in Alan Richardson and John Bowden (eds.), A New Dictionary of Christian Theology, Kent, SCM Press. 


2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter

Wednesday, October 07, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 7

PhD: Twitter quote 7

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) in Theodicy (1710)(1998: 61) reasons God always chooses what is best, freely within his nature and is vindicated within his creation, even though it contains evil.



2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter

Friday, October 02, 2020

PhD: Twitter quote 6

PhD: Twitter quote 6

Photo 1: Lampeter, Wales, The Guardian 

Photo 2: The University of Wales, Trinity Saint David  

Ernest Valea (2007), a scholar on comparative religions, admits that although God is considered good within Biblical Christianity, it can be clearly seen in the world that evil exists in an awful measure. 

VALEA, ERNEST (2007) ‘Evil in Christianity’, in Many paths to one goal? Timosoara, Romania, Comparative Religion.com.
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2010 Theodicy and Practical Theology: PhD thesis, the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, Lampeter